The genesis of patellar tracking and instability issues, and what to do about them

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We have muscles which pull the knee cap (patella). Some of these muscles pull the patella upwards, like the quadriceps.

Sometimes it’s hard to appreciate how all these muscles connect with the patella from drawings. Let’s look at a cadaver:

(If anyone thought for a second, “Wait, do I have metal in my body?” you hopefully don’t!!)

Some of these muscles pull the patella in (medially), like the inside of the quadriceps, the vastus medialis. Often referred to as the VMO (vastus medialis oblique):

(There is also a rotational impact, which you can hopefully see above.)

And some of these muscles pull the patella out (laterally), like the vastus lateralis:

This has been the most talked about aspect of patellar tracking. “The vastus lateralis is stronger than the vastus medialis, so it pulls the patella sideways.” (Tracking issues virtually always encompass the patella moving laterally, not medially.)

Without getting into the depths of this, long story short, we can’t really selectively recruit the vastus medialis to even out this imbalance, even if it were there. Many, many researchers have assessed many, many exercises. Maximal activity wise, the muscles are often the same. If there is a difference, it’s not worth worrying about. If anything, you can pick a lot of exercises which don’t recruit the vastus lateralis more than the vastus medialis, the ratio being even, but we can’t pick things which activate the vastus medialis more than the vastus lateralis.

However, when the muscles turn on can have an impact. If both turn on the same amount, but the vastus lateralis turns on before the vastus medialis, then we can see how the patella may end up tracking improperly.

Vastus Lateralis on left; Vastus Medialis on right:

In other words, it’s pretty much a waste of time to be focusing on which exercises you’re doing in this regard. Ironically, this is where too many have placed the emphasis. What isn’t a waste of time is working on how you perform exercises.

Some research on this:

–Here

–Here

–Here

There is also some research going over how this has been disputed:

–Here

–Here

The second study above is intriguing, as the VMO was taken away from rabbits, finding not having a vastus medialis didn’t impact various metrics. It’s not exactly applicable, as the way the muscles were then contracted was through stimulating the nerve (rather than volitional contraction), and rabbits aren’t people, but it’s one way to go about looking at it.

Like I said though, we’re not going to get into the weeds on this.

Anyways, this brings up one of the common pitfalls of research nazis: We too often want EVERYONE to fit into the same cause of a problem. A good deal of people with patellofemoral are going to have issues with their VMO timing. But a good amount won’t. So, we do a few things to work on the VMO, but we don’t obsess over it, or only work on that. Your kneecap can hurt for more than one reason.

This is a client I worked with briefly, who before working with me, noticed their quadricep firing patterns were different. Their left knee had been giving them issues, but the right knee had not.

What they noticed and what you can see above, is on the left side the inside and outside of the quadriceps fire at about the same time. On the right side, the inside fires first. Remember, the left side is where this person had pain. Once they straightened this out, their pain went away. So, in this person’s case, the VMO firing before the VL helped out. Nothing strength wise was really needed though. As you can see above, those quads look thick, and damn symmetrical size wise.

Again, no need to obsess over this. We do some things to work on activation, but we also look elsewhere.

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Another structure which pulls the patella laterally is the iliotibial band:

However, the IT band is not a muscle. It’s a band of tissue, which has multiple muscles connecting into it.

These muscles, most notably the tensor fascia latae (TFL), can get stiff, causing the IT band to be stiff, causing the patella to get pulled laterally.

This is the less commonly referred aspect of patellar tracking issues, though one could argue it should be the most talked about. “IT band = stiff; VMO might be lazy.”

If we put someone in a position to stretch their tensor fascia latae and iliotibial band:

One example. You can read more about this here.

In those with knee issues, like pain around the knee cap, they’ll often get pain during this. (Note the word often. Again, plenty of people have knee pain without having IT band stiffness.) One way we can see the IT band is stiff during this (as well as other musculature, like the rectus femoris (a quad muscle)), is the leg will not lay parallel to the floor:

->If it does lay fairly low, then often it’s by compensating through letting the leg fall out to the side. (The TFL pulls the leg out (abduction).)

Where once we bring the leg in (green line above), then the leg will rise up some and or there will be some kneecap pain.

The other way we can see the IT band is at play is if we push the patella medially (during the stretch),

The pain goes away, or at least will significantly reduce. It’s hard to get much more clear than that…the IT band, and TFL, need to be loosened up, and the patella tracking laterally is causing pain.

Example of the mobility of the patella, in a side to side fashion:

But this still doesn’t give us why. It tells us what’s happening, but why does this happen? Furthermore, can there be more to it than this?

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Genetic factors

The patella sits in something called the trochlear groove:

In patellar instability, or someone suffering chronic knee cap dislocations, the patella is falling out of this groove. This is a more extreme version of our patellar tracking issue we’ve gone over.

Let’s start with a simple one here: The deeper this groove, the less likely the knee cap is to fall out of it. Some people are going to have deeper grooves than others. Those with a less deep groove we say have trochlear dysplasia. You know that thing you hear about in dogs? With their hips? Same idea. Dysplasia meaning the joint isn’t as deep as we’d hope. This can happen in any joint. The deeper the joint, the more stable it is. (In exchange you may lose flexibility.)

Next, we hope this groove is fairly symmetrical. In humans, the lateral ridge will usually be higher, but that’s ok, as lateral instability is what we most worry about. If they’re the same height, or if the outside mountain is lower than the inside, we make it easier for the patella to fall outside of the valley.

Normal-

Lateral ridge flattened-

Making it easier for the patella to fall that way-

The patella is controlled in large part by the quadriceps, which connect into the patellar tendon. This tendon connects into the tibial tuberosity, just below the knee:

If this tuberosity is say, off to the side some,

Then this is going to change where our patellar tendon inserts:

Which will change our line of pull. When the quadriceps exerts its pull on the knee cap, it can subsequently pull the knee cap out of the groove. Or at least be more likely to.

Notice on the left the line goes straight through the patella, whereas on the right it’s offset:

On the right picture, the lateral side of the patella will subsequently be compressed more, as that side is being pulled on more. Increasing patellofemoral contact forces in one spot is a good way to piss the knee off. It also makes stability issues -keeping the patella centered- more difficult.

-> This is where we unfortunately realize not everyone has the same anatomy, and not everyone’s anatomy can handle the same forces. If you’re engaging in an activity requiring a lot of force at the knee (deep squatting, running with deeper knee bends (e.g. soccer)), but have this type of anatomy, your knees may start barking at you much earlier in life than otherwise.

All of these structures can be dealt with surgically. I witnessed a veterinarian surgeon perform all the above on a dog (remarkably similar knee anatomy), and it is an intense surgery. We’ve come a long ways surgically when it comes to making things less invasive. The arthroscope being the main innovation. Well, this often entails not using an arthroscope, and cutting half the leg open! (Increasing the risk of infection.)

No surgery is a surgery you want. But this is one you really don’t want. As in the case of moving the tibial tuberosity, reshaping the trochlear groove also entails a literal saw. I witnessed the surgeon moving his hands back and forth with a saw as if he were lining up a 2×4.

(In the case of moving the tibial tuberosity, if the above picture doesn’t do it for you, enjoy this video.)

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Femoral anteversion is another factor with all this. As a quick recap, femoral anteversion is when the thigh rotates inward more than usual. (Here for a more in depth discussion.)

If we’re looking at the top of the hips, downward:

Because the thigh rotates inward more than usual, the knee comes along.

Keeping our tibial tuberosity structure in mind, if we rotate the thigh / knee in, but keep the tibia at the same place:

We again end up with that lateral line of pull:

Instead of moving the tibial tuberosity laterally, we’ve moved the femur internally. But in effect the same thing has happened. The tibia, relative to the femur, has moved laterally. And often it will be more than this. Rather than the tibia staying in neutral, it will often rotate compensatorally. If the femur is in, the tibia / foot tends to move out.

In other words, our trochlear groove is even more inside of our tuberosity. Making our line of pull even more lateral.

Femoral anteversion is something which can also be dealt with surgically, but the same earlier caveats apply.

Furthermore, none of these surgeries seem to be common. At all. At least not in humans.

-> An exception to this is the iliotibial band. A procedure which became very common is called a lateral release, where the IT band (and more) is cut in a way to attempt to loosen it up. Think cutting out the middle of a rubber band, so it’s not as strong. This is falling out of favor some as we’ve learned going after why the IT band gets stiff is more beneficial than solely addressing if it’s stiff.

Whether surgery is indicated is a case by case situation. In dogs, this type of stuff, patellar instability, tends to start often in life, illustrating the congenital aspect. (It can start after a traumatic event as well.) Watching a surgeon dislocate the patella on a dog, seeing how easy it happens, understanding a dog doesn’t have the volitionality a human does, surgery makes more and more sense.

But with humans, you run across these types of people, and by the late teens or early 20s, or not too long after a traumatic event, most will know exactly when their knee cap dislocates. “If I move my leg like this, I can pop it out and in easily.” So first course of action…don’t do that movement.

-> If you’re into sports, and you’re having knee cap stability issues, it gets tougher to get away with no surgery. You’re likely going to end up in some vulnerable positions, with a significant amount of force being applied to the knee cap. In sports, you’re reacting to your environment, whereas in everyday life, you’re more able to consciously go through it. This is where a serious consideration needs to be made in regards to the cost / benefit of surgery, vs something like modifying your activity.

And dislocations are a much more rare form of patellar tracking issues. Genetics may play a role, but how we move likely plays a bigger role, for most.

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Getting back to (functional) causes (things you can do something about!)

Now that we have our anatomy sorted, we can reconstruct the situations which put the leg in a vulnerable position, such as the tibial tuberosity outside the trochlear groove (said simpler: when does the knee turn in and or the shin turn out?) and get rid of those situations.

For example, when laying down, we don’t want the knee to be inside the tibia. We don’t want that trochlear groove (knee) medial to the tibial tuberosity (shin).

This might be more clear for some if we rotate the image:

Same would go for sitting.

This is a really common position men sit in:

Think about it. For too many, sleeping is ~7 hours; sitting is ~14 hours. That’s a lot of hours to place your knee(s) in that position.

-> Plus, as the knee bends to 90 degrees, the stress on the patellofemoral area goes up dramatically. Even sitting like this for hours and hours isn’t the best:

Whenever you get up and down from a chair, or whenever you do a squat in the gym, maybe you’re like this:

When you walk or run, does the foot (and tibial tuberosity) turn out like this?

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What to do

• We can perform exercises which loosens up things like the tensor fascia latae, IT band, as well as the quads.
  • Loosening up the quadriceps can be advantageous because when the quads pull on the knee cap, they compress it. By slackening them some we can lessen how much they are compressing the knee cap.
  • If the knee cap is a bit loose (not very stable), then actually some strengthening would be advantageous. (We end up doing some stretching and strengthening together.)
• Attempting to strengthen something like the vastus medialis is tougher. In something like a squat or leg press, when we work that muscle, we also work the vastus lateralis, which opposes the medialis. We would want the vastus medialis to get stronger relative to the vastus lateralis. We don’t want to just make them stronger.

A better way to approach this is to worry about the vastus medialis firing properly. As alluded to earlier, a lot of has been done to see which exercises work the VMO more than the VL. Or some variation of that research. All with little to show for it. But that’s not so much our concern here. Our concern is not how strong the VMO is, but when it contracts. We don’t want it to be lazy, then all of a sudden rushing in at the end, trying to make up for lost time.

Furthermore, while it’s true trying to get the VMO to fire considerably more than the VL is pretty much an exercise in futility, there are positions which work the vastus lateralis more than the vastus medialis. Those would be things we’d want to avoid.

• At the same time, we would want to embrace exercises which help us realign our leg. Exercises which help get us out of the knee(s) turning inside the foot. So we could ingrain a new habit which gives our kneecap a better chance of staying centered.
• Finally, we want to not only focus on these things during exercise, but during the other 23 hours of the day. Modifying how we lay down, sit, and move around.

The above is part of a manual called Mitigating Patellar Tracking Issues.

-> Mitigate is a carefully chosen word here. Remember, you may have some genetic predisposition to have a particular type of structure, whereby completely alleviating a patellar tracking issue, or your susceptibility to it, is impractical. That said, getting to where you can get through your day, and exercise, is almost always feasible. (If it wasn’t feasible, you probably would have had surgery for something like a dislocated kneecap already.)

The manual comes in the form of a password protected link, with various sections-

• Activities of Daily Living
  • Notes for laying down (like sleeping), sitting (like at a desk), and moving (like walking)
• Exercises
  • Videos of all the exercises, with voiceovers discussing technique
  • Cue reminders for what to think about during each exercise
  • Rationalization- The reasoning behind the exercises. If you’ve read the above, it should click fairly quickly, but this will reinforce the why behind the exercises. This will also provide a framework for picking your own exercises. Note this is not heavy anatomy, but one to a few sentences illustrating why an exercise is indicated. (If you ever want more know how, email me.)
  • All the exercises can be done at home, using common items found in any house (or apartment). No extra equipment is needed. Not even a gym membership.
• Monday – Sunday
  • An example of what to do each day of the week. Warming up, exercises, sets, reps.
•  Footwear
  • Some brief words on shoes to be careful about, and why

The manual is $12, and can be bought here (you’ll be redirected to a Paypal check out but you do not need a Paypal account):

After purchasing you’ll be redirected to the password and link, as well as receive an email confirmation.

If you ever have any issues, email me directly, b-reddy@hotmail.com. I read and respond to all emails. Hope it’s helpful!

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